Winchesters Bid to Host the 7th World Summit on Art Culture 2017 A Critical Analyses of Strengths Weaknesses

Presentation Cities are not just progressively contending to have worldwide social occasions to improve their picture and invigorate urban infrastructural advancement, yet in addition to rejuvenate their economies and draw in more guests and venture. This marvel can be related with the impacts of a globalized world economy (Hede Kellett, 2011), just as a general increment in rivalry between urban communities, districts and nations for the consideration of essential partners, including clients, financial specialists and strategy creators (Richards Wilson, 2004).Advertising We will compose a custom report test on Winchester’s Bid to Host the seventh World Summit on Art Culture 2017: A Critical Analyses of Strengths Weaknesses explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Available writing exhibits that since the 1980s, a rising number of urban communities are getting keen on pulling in significant worldwide occasions as they are seen as important vectors of monetary and the travel industry improvement, just as guaranteeing practical advancement by animating natural, social and financial advantages Proposal Aim Objectives As parts of its occasions drove recovery system, Winchester City expects to effectively offer for the rights to co-have the seventh World Summit on Arts and Culture coming up in 2017. The goals are to pull in more guests and to excite social utilization among the populace, while situating Winchester City as a worldwide visitor and social goal Overview/Background Information The World Summit on Arts and Culture The World Summit on Arts and Culture is a triennial universal occasion of its sort, which fills in as â€Å"†¦a stage for national expressions chambers, services of culture, expressions and social arrangement chiefs, craftsmen and network pioneers to talk about systems influencing open help for expressions and culture at a national and worldwide level† (IFACCA, 2011a para. 2). Individuals and associates of Intern ational Federation of Arts Councils and Culture Agencies (IFACCA) are urged to take an interest and the shows are available to any person with an enthusiasm for national and worldwide aesthetic and social directions. This super occasion, co-facilitated by the national expressions gathering of the triumphant nation and IFACCA, draws in an expected 500 agents from more than 80 nations into the facilitating city for a period running from 4-5 days to examine the current issues (IFACCA, 2011b). Global Federation of Arts Councils and Culture Agencies Inaugurated in December 2000, the International Federation of Arts Councils and Culture Agencies (IFACCA) claims the privilege to co-have the World Summit on Arts and Culture with the National Arts Council of any part nation that has prevailing to offer for the rights to hold the occasion. This suggests IFACCA is the occasion proprietor and one of its center obligations is to welcome the national gatherings of part nations to submit offering archives/recommendations to have the occasion. IFACCA is additionally answerable for deciding a set procedure for offering and the calendar and time span by which the offering procedure ought to be completed.Advertising Looking for report on workmanship and plan? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Bidding City: Winchester, England, is a vivacious â€Å"†¦heritage goal only an hour south west of London, with world class attractions and design including a sublime house of prayer, grant winning bars and cafés and an enticing cluster of autonomous shops† (Winchester City Council, 2012 para. 1). Winchester is the ideal goal for facilitating universal social occasions and Expos because of its rich socially assorted medieval settings, encompassed by wonderful moving open country and peaceful Hampshire towns. The city has an inhabitant populace of around 45,000 individuals, and is home to â€Å"†¦a number of huge op en area managers, including the University of Winchester, Winchester Prison, Royal Hampshire County Hospital, Hampshire County Council and Winchester City Council† (Hampshire County Council, 2011 p. 7). Investigation of the Internal Strengths Weaknesses of the Summit This segment expects to basically assess the inner variables to the worldwide highest point, which could intensely impact the direction and result of the offering procedure, especially comparable to the focussed endeavor by Winchester to offer for the rights to have the 2017 culmination. Qualities This worldwide imaginative and social occasion â€Å"†¦provides open doors for participants to have important encounters, networks to assemble social capital, and for the legislatures to incite new pay into their economies through the travel industry and business activities† (Hede Kellett, 2011 p. 987). The culmination is known to give a feeling of adaptability to fixed structures, just as conveying a wellspr ing of display which adds to the picture worth and notoriety of urban communities. Specifically, this highest point frequently encapsulates a less exorbitant methods for recognizing places, urge individuals to visit a spot more than once, and produce generous media premium that could be utilized by the occasion coordinators to showcase the city through the crystal of internationalization or globalization (Richards Wilson, 2004; Leonardsen et al, 2010). Shortcomings The worldwide highest point, just like the case with other global uber occasions, has its own dangers, which must be basically assessed and emergency courses of action attracted to guarantee effective facilitating of the occasion. Among the inborn dangers noted in facilitating an occasion of this nature and degree, the occasion coordinators may neglect to tie down the necessary subsidizing to convey the highest point, not referencing that that the coordinators may likewise neglect to draw in the nearby populace, bringing about a situation where the occasion is unequipped for pulling in a more extensive crowd (Schneider, 2010).Advertising We will compose a custom report test on Winchester’s Bid to Host the seventh World Summit on Art Culture 2017: A Critical Analyses of Strengths Weaknesses explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Being a worldwide masterful and social effort program, the culmination is constantly confronted with the dangers related with poor creative programming, inability to draw in feature entertainers and specialists and, thusly, inability to make sure about the Summit’s expected heritage. Ultimately, it is notable that universal social occasions regularly neglect to draw in the political help important to make the facilitating of these occasions a triumph (Schneider, 2010). Viable emergency courses of action should in this manner be accessible to guarantee these dangers are effectively managed. Outside Analyses of the Bidding City There are various tr anscendent outer elements which could unequivocally impact Winchester City’s offer to be concurred the rights to have the up and coming highest point. This segment expects to use various key arranging devices, including PESTLE, SWOT and Porter’s 5 Forces investigations, to basically assess Winchester’s position to seriously offer for, and have, the highest point in 2017. PESTLE Analysis Bidding urban communities have their own shortcomings and qualities that inherently impact the present and future exhibition of their offering forms. By utilizing the PESTLE system, the occasion coordinators for the 2017 offer can viably evaluate the present condition, just as future moves in the condition that will undoubtedly transcendently impact Winchester’s endeavor to effectively offer for, and have, the 2017 occasion. It is generally anticipated that the selection of the PESTLE structure, which subtleties the political, monetary, social, mechanical, lawful and natur al elements influencing or impacting a substance (Henry, 2008), will go far to help Winchester keep up an upper hand over other up-and-comer urban areas for the up and coming culmination. Thusly, the consequences of the PESTLE examination are introduced underneath trying to underline the outside variables impacting Winchester’s offer. Political The legislature is unswerving in its purpose to guarantee that the United Kingdom (UK) is in a situation to forcefully offer for, and have, significant universal donning and social occasions, not referencing that it recognizes the way that offers are strengthened if the administration is prepared and ready to loan dynamic help. A definitive occasion coordinator, which is the UK Art and Culture Council, is probably going to keep on keeping up an incredible command over the worldwide creative and social scene, with progressively brought together sponsorship and media bargains, which in numerous occurrences convert into significant pay st reams for the Council. Winchester’s offer to have the 2017 highest point likewise draws extensive help from the UK’s solid notoriety to effectively offer and host significant universal occasions, for example, the Capital of Culture occasion held in 2008 in Liverpool. Finally, Winchester appreciates solid open/private associations, which will keep on assuming a generous job in the arranging and subsidizing of national, territorial and universal occasions (Leonardsen, 2007; Maughan Branchini, 2004).Advertising Searching for report on craftsmanship and plan? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Find out More A limitation to Winchester’s offer to have the 2017 highest point comes as a moving focal point of focal government subsidizing, which will endure to produce a vulnerability comparable to open financing directions, especially according to network and social situated exercises supported by the open tote (Jackson, 2010). Monetary Hosting the 2017 World Summit on Arts and Culture will trigger an expansion in the travel industry and interest in the UK as a rule and Winchester specifically. Such an expansion will keep on framing a basic segment in the income age of the city and the more extensive neighborhood economy. By biddin

Marketing a New Philosophy of Management Research Paper

Showcasing a New Philosophy of Management - Research Paper Example The finish of this investigation will locate a few impressive outcomes. Its conceivable result includes critical improvement in the information and comprehension of most current ideas of advertising. The investigation will provide another guidance to future preparing and research work inside the field of showcasing. Throughout the years the promoting idea has surely developed in prevalence and status, discovering application as a conventional business theory in a wide scope of settings. Be that as it may, the idea itself has remained basically unaltered. Another idea of showcasing urges firms to have a luxurious name so as to prevail in today’s rivalry. In spite of the regularly passionate adherence to the idea as a regulating column, as of late journalists, for example, Houston and Gassenheimer have tested the showcasing idea, contending that much promoting action is in reality about the thwarting of rivalry and the matchless quality of business sectors, not customer self-governance. (Wensley, 2005) Others have raised questions about its job in improving the seriousness of associations. Based on experimental proof, they have recommended that the execution of the promoting idea has really unclear seriousness. These creators were among the first to address, maybe unreasonably, the estimation of the advertising idea. (Hooley and Lynch, 2003) But, the key point to which they assisted with drawing our consideration was that the usage of the advertising idea was turning into the Achilles impact point of the order. Without clear rules about how to try it and make it successful, that which was left was minimal more than vacuous talk. ( Samli, Palda, and Barker, 2008). This paper contends for the proceeded with improvement and reappraisal of the advertising idea of something having a luxurious name. The primary concern is that the promoting idea, as it is regularly expounded on, expect a significant number of the attributes of a belief system or an article of confidence.

Copyright, Subpoenas, and You

Copyright, Subpoenas, and You When I first got to MIT I got a little pamphlet entitled Copyright, Subpoenas, and You. I laughed. Of course theyd have to remind MIT students about this, the tech center of the world was likely to have tons of illegal downloading operations running throughout campus. I believe the quote I used in my personal blog was One of my favorite items is a bookmark/leaflet entitled Copyright, Subpoenas, and YOU! that highly discourages filesharing. So the Olympics just finished up. I didnt get a chance to watch most of them because of work, lack of TV, and not enough energy. I was told, however, that the opening ceremonies and torch lighting were amazing. I looked around on YouTube for a clip but just couldnt find anything. Whats the fallback when YouTube fails to provide adequate tube-age? BitTorrent! I surfed around on The PirateBay for a while and found a suitable copy of the opening ceremonies. I downloaded it, watched it, and enjoyed it. The next day I got an e-mail: Michael Snively, MIT has received the following copyright infringement takedown notice (see below message). Our records indicate the computer used at the date and time of this activity is registered to your computing account (or a computer in your area of responsibility). IP Address: 18.247.6.191 Hostname: Snively-Laptop MAC Address: 00:**:**:**:**:** Unauthorized copying and distribution of copyrighted material violates MIT Policy and the MITnet Rules of Use. This practice is also illegal and can lead to legal action against you by the copyright holder. You are directed to take the following steps immediately: 1. Destroy the works cited below as well as *any* copyrighted material for which you do not have explicit permission from the copyright holder to possess. If this step cannot be taken promptly, please remove the computer from the network. 2. Discontinue sharing of any copyrighted work for which you do not have permission to distribute. 3. Reply to this message when you have completed the above steps, and explain in your own words the steps you have taken. To avoid loss of network access you *must respond* within 5 days. If you have received multiple notices respond to each notice individually or make a note of the other notices in your response. Multiple offenses involving you or computers belonging to you will be handled in accordance with the procedures described in the Copyright Infringement Policy for Students document. http://web.mit.edu/ist/topics/security/copyright/student-policy.html Since it appears you are enrolled as a student, a copy of this notice is also being sent to the Office of Student Mediation Community Standards. If there are facts regarding this situation that you feel we should have prior to invoking these procedures, please include them in your response to us. Thank you for your prompt attention to this matter. If you have any questions, please let us know. IT Security Support MIT DMCA Agent Information Services Technology, MIT Uh-oh. This cant be good. I initially couldnt figure out what I may have stolen. Then I got to the second half of the e-mail: Re: Unauthorized Use of NBC Universal Properties Notice ID: 14-******** 25 Aug 2008 18:05:28 GMT Dear Sir or Madam: Please be advised that NBC Universal and/or its subsidiary and affiliated companies (collectively, NBC Universal) are the owners of exclusive rights protected under copyright law and other intellectual property rights in many motion pictures and television programs, including the title(s) listed below (the NBC Universal Properties). NBC Universal diligently enforces its rights in its motion pictures. It has come to our attention that Massachusetts Institute of Technology is the service provider for the IP address listed below, from which unauthorized copying and distribution (downloading, uploading, file serving, file swapping or other similar activities) of the NBC Universal Property or Properties listed below, or portion(s) thereof, is taking place. We believe that the Internet access of the user engaging in this infringement is provided by Massachusetts Institute of Technology or a downstream service provider who purchases this connectivity from Massachusetts Institute of Technology. This unauthorized copying and distribution constitutes copyright infringement under Section 106 of the U.S. Copyright Act. Depending upon the type of service Massachusetts Institute of Technology is providing to this IP address, it may have legal and/or equitable liability if it does not expeditiously remove or disable access to the motion picture(s) listed below, or if it fails to implement a policy that provides for termination of subscribers who are repeat infringers (see 17 U.S.C. 512). Despite the above, NBC Universal believes that the entire Internet community benefits when these matters are resolved cooperatively. We urge you to take immediate action to stop this infringing activity and inform us of the results of your actions. We appreciate your efforts toward this common goal. The undersigned has a good faith belief that use of the NBC Universal Property or Properties in the manner described herein is not authorized by NBC Universal, its agent or the law. The information contained in this notification is accurate. Under penalty of perjury, the undersigned is authorized to act on behalf of NBC Universal with respect to this matter. Please be advised that this letter is not intended to be a complete statement of the facts or law as they may pertain to this matter or of NBC Universals positions, rights or remedies, legal or equitable, all of which are specifically reserved. Please send us a prompt response indicating the actions you have taken to resolve this matter, making sure to reference the Notice ID number above in your response. mailto:[emailprotected]?subject=RE%3A%20DMCA%20Notification%20Notice%20ID%3A%2014%2D17012289 If you do not wish to reply by email, please use our Web Interface by clicking on the following link: http://webreply.baytsp.com/webreply/webreply.jsp?customerid=14commhash=********************************** Note: If your email program has inserted line breaks into either the email or web links above, you can copy and paste the entire link in to you email program, or favorite web browser, respectively. Very truly yours, Mark Ishikawa c/o NBC Universal Anti-Piracy Technical Operations 100 Universal City Plaza Universal City, CA 91608 tel. (818) 777-4876 fax (818) 866-2026 [emailprotected] Title: Beijing Olympics (2008) Infringement Source: BitTorrent Initial Infringement Timestamp: 23 Aug 2008 00:18:18 GMT Recent Infringement Timestamp: 23 Aug 2008 00:18:18 GMT Infringing Filename: Olympic Opening Ceremony [2008] Infringing File size: 627779631 Infringers IP Address: 18.247.6.191 Infringers DNS Name: burton-four-forty-six.mit.edu Infringing URL: http://tracker.ip-cloak.com:80/announce So, whatd I do? Um, deleted the file of course! And, let this be a lesson to all of you: HD videos can have all sorts of tracking code embedded in them. Studios DO NOT HESITATE TO TRACK THEIR PROPERTY! Now you know exactly what to expect if you break copyright law at MIT. Just doing my job, sharing about life at MIT, even if sometimes it means Ive got to take one for the team in order to share. Dont break international copyright law. Baaaaaaaaaad.

Depression The Most Common Form Of Mental Illness

Depression, a serious epidemic in the nation, is a sickness that makes one feel sad or upset throughout the course of their daily lives. This illness called depression affects many people’s lives, does it not? This is here to analyze and explore how depression is one of many serious epidemics in society, why it’s important to know about, how it affects people, and what ways there are to help them. Depression, the most common form of mental illness known has taken over a quarter of the American population, ranging from teenagers to adults, it’s highly different from regular sadness which just goes through everyday life, and if left untreated, it could last a lifetime with people diagnosed and may never recover from depression. First off, how does depression affect society? Depression affects many people, usually starting from someone’s teenager years and/or rarely from childhood. â€Å"According to the U.S. Surgeon General’s report, 3.5 million children and teenagers suffer from depression. And depression is a life-threatening condition.†(Martin, Michael J. Teen Depression. p 6). The illness is life-threatening because of how severe it could get with no medical attention, to where it drives the majority of diagnosed people to have suicidal thoughts, while a few actually attempt to commit suicide. These people who attempt the task at hand seem to beli eve that death might be the only way to escape the pain they’re going through. To tell how someone may have depression is throughShow MoreRelatedMental Illness Is A Condition That Affects Millions Of Americans1289 Words   |  6 PagesMental illness is a condition that affects millions of Americans, but with the correct treatment, it is becoming more and more possible to live close to a normal life. 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The Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald - 1110 Words

Novelists are often concerned with exploring the confusions and complexities of social relationships. In the context, confusions refer to puzzling relationships, which are confusing to comprehend. Whereas, complexities relate to complicated and intricate issues. The different social relationships discussed in F.Scott Fitzgerald s novel,The Great Gatsby, are business colleagues, lovers and married partners. The characters involved in these relationships consist of, Jay Gatsby, Daisy and Tom Buchanan, Myrtle and George Wilson, Jordan Baker, Mr. Wolfshiem and Nick Carraway. Each character interacts with others, establishing either confusions or complexities within their social relationship. A complex social relationship explored in this†¦show more content†¦Thus showing how complexities can be explored through the social relationship of business colleagues. Another example of a social relationship explored in the novel, containing complexities, is between Wolfshiem and Gatsby from Wolfshiem s point of view. In the final chapter, Wolfshiem sends Nick a letter in regards to Gatsby s death. He states that he is, ...tied up in... very important business... cannot get mixed up in this thing now. (p157) This reinforces that their relationship was strictly business and there was not a very strong friendship existing between the two characters. It appears that Wolfshiem has very little respect for Gatsby, as he doesn t have the courtesy to attend his funeral. It is portrayed that all Gatsby was to Wolfshiem was a business colleague, nothing more. Wolfsheim does not want to further their relationship as friends. Within the letter, Wolfshiem refers to Gatsby as a thing. This represents Gatsby s death as an inconvenience on Wolfshiem s behalf. As Wolfshiem was involved in some very important business, this once again reinforces the idea that their business relationship was below board. Therefore, this shows how complexities can be explored in social relationships such as business colleagues. In contrast to a complex relationship, the social relationship between Daisy, Tom and Gatsby from her point of view, is a confusion. In a conversation between the three characters, Daisy is speaking to Gatsby

Instant Coffee Production Free Essays

string(103) " necessary to fill the packs under a blanket of inert gas such as CO2 to reduce the risk of oxidation\." Introduction Instant coffee is an aromatic beverage, consisting of water with additional compounds extracted from coffee beans during brewing, which have then been dehydrated into a soluble coffee form. Coffee beans are seeds from coffee fruit, selected from different sources (location and seasons). The blend could give a particular taste of the brand and also help to reduce the risk of shortage or price fluctuation from a single raw material supplier. We will write a custom essay sample on Instant Coffee Production or any similar topic only for you Order Now Coffee arabica produces the finest coffee, while coffee robusta produces a strong but inferior coffee. Processing There are two main primary processing methods: the unwashed or dry process, which produces naturals, and the washed or wet process, which produces washed coffees. In the dry process the ripe cherries are dried in their entirety after which they are mechanically decorticated to produce the green bean. In the washed or wet process the ripe cherries are pulped and fermented to remove the sticky sugary coating called mucilage that adheres to the beans (this can also be done mechanically), and the beans are then washed and dried. This lactic fermentation involves the action of Leuc. mesenteroids, L. berivs and Streptococcus faecalis. In all procedures the parchment skin is later removed mechanically after drying. Better flavour is achieved if the beans are processed by the wet method rather than the dry method when removing the hull, Wet processing helps in developing ‘soft buttery notes’ in the cup, unlike the thick ‘robust’ notes that are observed in the averag e robusta cup. Beans are mixed by weight portion and no special arrangement of mixing is required. Many imported beans are shipped green, as can be stored in the state with little loss of quality, before roasting. The roasting operation develops the characteristic flavour and headspace aroma. There are two stages of transformation in which the 12% of moisture is driven off and pyrolysis occurs, with the swelling of the beans. Roasting time determines classification as a light, medium or dark roast. The first stage take up about 80% of the roasting time with green beans gradually changing from a straw colour to a pale brown. The second stage of roasting leads to the rapid darkening, emission of oily smoke and crackling sounds, with the chemical composition of the beans rapidly changing. A porous microstructure is formed and the density of coffee bean is almost halved after roasting (from ca. 1.3 g.ml-1 to ca. 0.7 g.ml-1). The degree of roasting is key for quality consistency of the final product. This can be measured by the colour or density of the roasted beans. Roasting time can be set for predetermined roasting degree. The roasters currently available for roasting operations include vertica l rotating bowl roasters, vertical static drum roasters, horizontal rotating drum roasters, fluidized bed roasters and pressure roasters. Horizontal roasting drum roasters are the most popular, with either a perforated wall or a solid wall. Grinding reduces the size of the coffee bean to small particles. A multi-roller can be used, where the coffee beans pass through up to four stages of size reduction, with the gap between rollers decreasing with each stage. Extraction involves the separation of the soluble solids and volatile aroma/flavour compounds are extracted from ground coffee granules, using hot water as the solvent. An example of such an extractor is a percolation battery extraction device, or a counter-current continuous screw extractor, where a pressurized water feeding system can be used to enhance extraction efficiency. Solvent extraction is not a single stage operation but involves loading the coffee, spraying with solvent (water) until the solute content is reduced to the economical minimum, and excavated. In the production of instant coffee, a series of extraction tanks are linked together to form an extraction battery. Hot water is fed into the take containing roasted granules that are almost extracted and then flows through the various tanks in series before it is withdrawn from the freshly charged tank. Both spray drying and freeze drying are commonly used for instant coffee manufacturing. Spray drying operates at a high temperature, providing an efficient and economic method for the dehydration of coffee solution. However freeze drying has a much better retention of flavour/aroma compounds, but at a relatively higher cost. Freeze drying depends on low temperatures (below -20oC) and the absence of drying air during the dehydration process. The complete process includes freezing, granulation, and then freeze-drying. The slower the highly concentrated coffee is frozen, the larger the ice crystals formed, essential in preserving the best possible colour as well as increasing the solubility of the final product. A band freezer is commonly used, where the band is divided into four to six temperature zones, each of which are cooled by to the required temperature. The coffee extract is then transported through the temperature zones for controlled freezing, leaving the band as flakes at a temperature of approximately -40oC. These frozen flakes are then ground up and fed into a granulator with a built-in perforated plate. The flakes are granulated and passed through holes in the plate, sorting the granules into various sizes. The correctly sized granules are passed though a vacuum lock and a gate lock into the f reeze-drying cabinet, and emptied into a hopper. Below the pressure of 4.6mm Hg, the ice in the coffee goes directly from a solid to vapour without melting. This kind of evaporation is called sublimation. Dried coffee has little or no aroma, therefore, manufacturers usually recover the aromatic volatiles during the bean grinding or extraction processes, and spray them back onto the product just before the final filling operation. This will provide a coffee-like fragrance when the pack is opened. Packaging and shelflife The freeze-dried coffee enters the packaging section via a hopper and is automatically weighted, filled into polyethylene bags, and packed into cardboard cartons for bulk export, or filled into glass jars and labelled. As coffee oil is usually used as a carrier for the aromatic volatiles, it is necessary to fill the packs under a blanket of inert gas such as CO2 to reduce the risk of oxidation. You read "Instant Coffee Production" in category "Essay examples" Sealed packaging is necessary for volatile compound retention and to prevent moisture pick-up. High moisture content reduces coffee’s shelf life. At 7% moisture content, instant coffee may start to ‘cake’. Glass bottles or metal tins often used as containers for instant coffee. Beans that are at equilibrium and are inactive would have a moisture content of well below 12.5%. Beans with a high moisture content could be very actively respiring, giving up moisture and undergoing changes both physically and intrinsically. Physically, there would be a fading in colour and, depending on the moisture content, the temperature and the humidity of the surrounding area, this could result in bleaching and mould growth. Intrinsically, the cup quality could fade from a clean, strong and neutral cup to a ‘woody’, ‘aged’ and ‘musty’ cup. Safety and microbiological aspects A particular food safety issue for coffee is concern over the presence of ochratoxin A (OTA), a mycotoxin that can cause kidney damage, and is a possible human renal carcinogen. In coffee, OTA is produced by fungi of the Aspergillus genus (A. ochraceus, A. carbonarius, A. niger). It is mostly concentrated in the husk, which suggests that naturals (coffees dried in the fruit) are most at risk of contamination. In the European Union the following maximum limits apply to finished coffee products, effective 1st March 2007: roasted coffee – 5 ppb (parts per billion); soluble coffee – 10 ppb. The HACCP process can be used to establish where OTA enters the system and where the fungi causing OTA first appears. HACCP is a management system in which food safety is addressed through the analysis and control of biological, chemical and physical hazards from raw food material production to manufacturing and consumption. Careful inspection of visual appearance and any mouldy or earthy smells can be a useful tool for checking for the presence of OTA.?The monitoring of ?Pesticide residues in coffee is also a vital aspect of an HACCP system. Furthermore, coffee growers maintain chemical registers that detail, in chronological order, the type and quantities of all chemicals used and the timing of their application. Hydrocarbon contamination is usually caused by jute coffee bags because of the ‘batching oil’ used to soften the jute fibres before spinning. There have been instances of contaminated oil being used (old engine oil for example), leading to The International Jute Organization has established specifications (IJO Standard 98/01) for the manufacture of jute bags to be used in the food industry. Quality control The supplier must meet the contract specification of the buyer. The seller and buyer jointly established the quality parameters, which the seller is expected to respect continuously, shipment after shipment. Instant coffee produced must be suitable for human consumption, free from extraneous matter such as live pests and moulds, fully conform to the contract description or selling sample, with uniform quality, and be clean ‘in the cup’ i.e. free from abhorrent flavours. Instant coffee is graded according to quality. For the United States market, undergrade coffee is any type of coffee that grades below GCA type 6 (120 defects per 370 grams The US market prohibits imports below this grade, however most other markets do not normally specify that particular grades of coffee should not be imported, relying instead on general food and hygiene regulations. However, the ICO has introduced a set of worldwide minimum export standards in an attempt to remove the lowest coffees from the market altogether. The higher risk of mould and therefore OTA occurring in lowgrades is also likely to reduce the demand for such coffee. Improper processing techniques, including use of incorrect equipment and poor handling, contribute to defects in quality. Major off-tastes can occur as a result, including raw/green, fruity, overripe, fermented, chemical, earthy, and oily flavours. Problems that may occur include: The picking of overripe beans lowers cup quality leading to a fermented and ‘medicinal’ flavour, due to the deterioration of the fruit. A putrid, rotting off-taste may be caused due to microorganisms entering damaged beans if the coffee beans are not sorted on size, leading to the beans being cut during pulping. Black beans or ‘stinkers’ may be formed affecting quality. The water used for washing, as for all the stages of processing, should be clean to ensure the quality of the end product. Unclean water or water contaminated with fine silt, and recirculated water with a high solid content, could cause earthy, fruity or fermented and other off-tastes. During the preparation of the robusta beans, spreading the fruit in thick layers with inadequate stirring and raking could result in mould formation. This can adversely affect the visual appearance and the cup quality of the cherry beans. Lack of protection from rain and night dew during drying can also cause mould growth. Spicy and chemical off-tastes could be due to packaging in poor quality bags or bags in which spices or fertilizers have been packed earlier. Storing coffee with spices, chemicals, fertilizers or fungicides could also cause these off-tastes. Coffee beans easily absorb odours that could lower their aromatic quality. Based on visual quality, robusta beans could be categorized into three grades: above FAQ (fair average quality), FAQ (average) and below FAQ. Based on liquor quality, robusta beans could be classified as follows: Fine and special, where the liquor quality is soft, smooth and buttery, with good body, hardly any bitterness, and clean. This quality can be seen in robusta coffees which are washed and processed with care, in robusta beans which are grown at high altitudes and under shade, and in plant strains which have the inherent characteristics of lower caffeine content, softness and mellow flavour notes. Good, where the liquor quality could be described as good body, neutral, light bitterness, clean, with a hint of chocolate notes. Average, with a cup quality of fair body, fair neutrality, average bitterness, and clean. Below average, where the liquor, though of fair body, has harsh notes of the robusta fruit, is bitter though clean, and is flat with no flavour notes. Poor, a cup which is unclean, having medicinal, phenolic or rioy off notes, or strong harsh robusta notes, with or without body, bitter and unpleasant to the taste. What has been said above is not a universal methodology followed by all robusta producing origins. It is only a means to explain the quality attributes that could be encountered in a robusta cup and the manner in which these attributes could be classified. Individual buyers have their own classification and evaluation methods, but usually the attributes and ratings will be comparable to those above. ISO 9001 is a process-based quality management system that organizations can use to demonstrate the consistent quality of their products to customers and concerned regulatory institutions. When an organization’s quality management system complies with ISO 9001 and when the coffee is processed in accordance with these procedures, then the quality management system (not the product) can be ISO 9001 certified. Spoilage Physical and sensory properties Robusta beans have robust but clean strong and fruity flavours, and are often used in instant coffee preparation. Arabica coffee may also be used, and generally produce good liquors with acidity and flavour. However, these organoleptic properties can be affected by a number of factors. Poor visual colour in instant coffee, such as a whitish appearance could result in a low value. This indicates a poor processing technique, which could result in a fruity or fermented off-taste. Broken beans, on the other hand, could result not only in a high roasting loss, but also in charring of the beans and a poor cup quality, leading to off-tastes being produced, affecting the final soluble coffee product. The defect count is the measured presence or absence of defects such as blacks, browns, greens, faded and bleached beans, insect damaged beans, sour beans and extraneous matter such as twigs, sticks or stones. Maillard browning is desirable in the manufacture of coffee, causing beneficial sensory changes, as well as antimutagenic () and antioxidative properties (?). This enzymatic browning is catalysed by the enzyme polyphenol oxidase and can contribute to the overall acceptability of coffee. Products of enzymatic browning play a number of physiological roles i.e. melanonins produced may exhibit antibacterial and antifungal properties(?). Added ingredients: chicory added â€Å"French† coffee, fig added â€Å"Viennese† coffee Volatile components give coffee its characteristic fragrance. There are more than 600 classified flavour compounds in instant coffee. Heat vaporises them into the air. Instability of the volatile compounds can cause flavour of roasted coffee to deteriorate quickly as it cools, or if it is kept hot too long, evaporation causes the loss of many of these compounds and their flavours. Bitter substances – organic acids which give a bitter, slightly sour taste to coffee. Chlorogenic acid equals about 4% of roasted coffee beans, along with caffeine and polyphenols compounds. Coffee should never be boiled as these temperatures increase the solubility of the bitter compounds, resulting in unpalatable coffee. Coffee contains Methylxanthines such as caffeine and theobromine. These are compounds which stimulate the central nervous system, and have either positive or negative effects, depending upon the individual, including increased exercise performance, temporarily increased heartbeat, metabolism, stomach acid, sleep disturbance, and dilation and/or constriction of certain blood vessels. Diuretic effects, causing increased urination. Withdrawal symptoms include headaches, fatigue, moodiness and depression. Legal aspects The ICO council passed Resolution 420 (May 2004) which recommends voluntary targets for the minimum quality export standards for both arabica and robusta. The ICO’s Coffee Quality-Improvement Programme calls on producing members to endeavour to restrict the export of arabica coffee with more than 86 defects per 300 g sample or robusta coffee with more than 150 defects per 300 g. The Programme also asks members to endeavour not to allow arabica or robusta of any grade to be exported whose moisture content is below 8% or above 12.5%. For the coffee year October 2009 – September 2010 the ICO reported that 24 exporting members, accounting for nearly 59 million bags or nearly 60% of all 2009/10 exports, provided information on the quality of the coffee they exported. Of these exports over 57 million bags (96%) were classified as being within the Resolution’s defects and moisture targets. The split arabica/robusta was 92% arabica and 8% robusta. Coffee can be decaffeinated by the use of a solvent, water, or super-critical cardon dioxide. Reference: Brennan, J. (2006). Food processing handbook. 1st Edition. UK: Wiley-VCH. Brown, A. (2008). Understanding food: principles and preparation. 1st Edition. USA: Thomson Learning, Inc. Clarke, R., and Macrae, R. (1985). Coffee volume 1: chemistry. 1st Edition. USA Elsevier Applied Science Publishers Ltd. Dalgleish, J. (1990). Freeze-drying for the food industries. 1st Edition. UK: Elsevier science publishers Ltd. Goldblith, S., Rey, L., and Rothmayr, W. (1975). Freeze drying and advanced food technology. 1st Edition. USA: Academic Press Inc. Haarer, A. (1962). Modern coffee production. 2nd Edition. UK: Ebenezer Baylis and Son, Ltd. Hone, A. (1993). Soluble coffee: technical and marketing opportunities and constraints for origin producers. NRI marketing series 8. UK: Natural Resources Institute. Marshall, C. (1983). The world coffee trade. 1st Edition. UK: St Edmundsbury Press. Tull, A. (1989). Food science and technology. 1st Edition. UK: Oxford University Press. Streeten, P., and Elson, D. (1971). Diversification and development: the case of coffee. 1st Edition. USA: Praeger Publishers, Inc. http://www.intracen.org/coffee-guide/quality-control-issues/phenolic-taste-rio-flavour-fermented/ http://www.fao.org/ http://www.ipfsaph.org/servlet /CDSServlet?status=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~~ http://www.coffee-ota.org/ http://www.fda.gov/Food/default.htm http://www.fda.gov/Food/default.htm http://www.coffeeinstitute.org/the-q-coffee-system.html How to cite Instant Coffee Production, Essay examples

The tipping principle

This study will attempt to create an understanding of how contextual marketing, macro trends, cool theories and individualism affect tribes in marketing. Numerous journals that are recent in nature will be used through out the study.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The tipping principle specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More From the study a clear relationship of modern day tribes will be gained. One major aspect of modern day marketing is contextual marketing. Contextual marketing refers to a type of marketing that is targeted at satisfying the consumer’s needs. It is geared towards the co-creation of value in advertising. In contextual marketing the marketers target the unique needs of each tribe. This is due to the fact that each unique tribe is brought about by a common passion, desire and a tendency to consumer similar products. Marketing as a practice has been evolving over the years. The current type of m arketing is called post modern marketing. Marketing in the post modern setting refers to the organizational process responsible for the identification, forecasting and the satisfaction of consumer needs. Consumerism in post modern marketing refers to the tendency of people to spend more resources than they have on non essential products (Levin, 2008). †Consumption is no longer just about a simple purchase or the satisfaction of basic needs and wants, but a culturally determined behavioral pattern which forces us to choose and change the elements of our lifestyle†¦and it is first of all through our way of consuming that we define ourselves as individuals.† Today’s marketers are contended with the challenge of adapting to the post modern culture so as to be able to stay relevant (Levin, 2008). The post modern culture has distinct characteristics such as: Hyperreality, Fragmentation, Law of opposites, Reversed consumption and production trends and an Overall lo ss of commitment. As a result of his / her culture the modern day consumer lives in a continuous state of the present time, has a greater emphasis on style and form and has accepted the chaos and disorder in life to be a way of life. Tribal marketing is a form of post modern marketing (Allen, 1993).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Another aspect in today’s marketing is individualism. This is a theory / principal that emphasizes the importance and worth of the individual being. This theory stresses the importance of a person to pursue and achieve his / her goals so as to attain a state of self fulfillment and joy. The individualism theory however does not take into account other forces and influences exerted on to the individual by the society / external factors (Miles, 2007). In marketing the individualism theory takes a different approach from the tribal approach. T his is mainly because; The individualist theory focuses on the relationship between the customer and the company The companies take a core position in the company- client relationship This approach uses means such as loyalty cards and bulletins unlike the tribal approach that relies on rituals and cultic tendencies (Greene, 2009). Its main agenda is to develop loyalty among the tribe members; to the company. Macro trends are another area of study. In today’s business environment there exist those factors that a business cannot control. These factors are usually outside the business’ immediate sphere of control and thus are referred to as macro factors. In the current advertisement industry such factors are gaining an ever growing importance as the businesses strive to position themselves strategically (Fourcade, 2007). Most advertising firms are thus forced to observe and study the forces that affect commodity sales and marketing and adjust accordingly so as to rem ain relevant. These trends are known as macro trends in advertising / marketing. To cope with the macro trends the business is then forced to analyse the (SWOT) strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats that do exist (Dietsch, 2010). There are various factors of consideration in marketing macro trends namely demographics, economics, environment, government, society and technology. In demographics the marketers assess the population distributions of the buyers, their family sizes / units, life expectancy and disposable income levels (Beckert, 2010). The cool theory is also an area of study. Cool has assumed many definitions in today’s markets. It has no single meaning as it assumes various meanings depending on the locality and the context (Fourcade, 2007). It is generally used to describe a state of mind or an attitude. Mostly it assumes the form a desirable attribute in which the consumers would want to associate to. A car can be cool, an actor can be cool and a pose can be cool (Sinha, 2008). The tipping principle follows a few rules and principle in its operation namely the law of the few, stickiness factor and the power of context. The law of the few states that in any process and system, not all players can have the same level of importance; some players will always have more stake than the others (Wade, 2010).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The tipping principle specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The stickiness factor on the other hand claims that the way a message is conveyed to the target users affects its contagiousness, ability to spread and be assimilated. For a marketing campaign to get to the tipping level, it must be memorable and touching to the target audience so as to make them aid in its flow (Dietsch, 2010). The advertisement must also be in the right context as human beings are very sensitive and responsive to the environments in which they are in. If the a dvertisement is not in context it may not achieve the required success and influence percentage (Mitchell, 2010). From the cool principle it is found that cool personalities are those who start, nurture and grow a trend. In the past trends were sourced from the tops of companies and large institutions; the cool people were those at the first tier levels. The recent years have proved that the new cool is the trend setter at the bottom. The new cool is a visionary who launches a new idea and concept and sees it through (Lee, 2007). Tribes can be defined as a small scale representation of an ethnic group yet larger than a social clan. A common trait of the modern day tribes is that they do not limit people according to age and their driving force is a common passion / emotional experience. The modern day tribes also exhibit a great tendency of affection among the members even though no strong ties exist between the members (Dietsch, 2010). However, the modern day tribes have a few diff erences from the past era tribes namely: There are no strong binding forces and sense of permanency in the tribes There is no exclusiveness in modern day tribes as a person can belong to more than one tribe in today’s world There exist no physical boundaries in modern tribes they are just virtual / conceptual Modern day tribes consist of members who share passions and emotions unlike dialect in the ancient tribes â€Å"Tribal marketing is a marketing strategy that attempts to create social groups or communities that are centered around a product or service. The credo of tribal marketing is that postmodern people are looking for products and services that not only enable them to be freer, but can also link them to others, to a community, to a tribe† (Mack, 2005). The cool principle also states that for a marketer to reach and help set trends he must influence the innovator as it is the innovators who look for new ideas unlike the followers who just assimilate already set trends. Several rules of cool have been derived from the principle:Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Marketing cool causes cool to stop being cool Cool can be identified but cannot be manufactured Cool people can’t be told what’s cool This principle has enabled researchers realize that the world is a huge global village and that for a product to be sold a social network must be used. It emphasizes the importance of using the social web to popularise, create waves and trends that in turn boost sales / consumer response (Luo, 2003). According to the work by Cova it is seen that modern day and ancient tribes have certain characteristics namely: Tribes cannot be controlled by a central power to maintain order Tribes tend to rally people around non rational factors and elements Tribes tend to embody an inherent countermeasure to institutionalism Tribes are unstable and do not conform to the common norms of the society Just like in the past people in today’s societies are grouped into categories. These categories apply to all spheres of life including marketing. The ability of tribes to influence consumer decisions has forced researchers to go into the study of the effects of tribes on the marketability of products (Davis, 2009). The above diagram shows the various types of consumers that exist in any market. The first type is the consumer who is influenced his culture, gender, status in society and lifestyle when it comes to his / her choices. The second type is the micro-social consumer who is influenced by his tribe and subcultures. The third type of consumer is the single actor who makes his own decisions and is not influenced in any way by external factors. The single actor bases his consumption choices on the individualism theory, self motivation and unconscious impulses. The concept of tribal marketing does not focus on the aspects of the product being promoted but instead focuses on the creation of social links between consumers so as to form tribes. Tribal marketing is geared towards the promotion of good and services that facilita te the formation of tribes among the consumers. The approach bases everything on consumer service Overrates the value of proximity to the client and confuses it for intimacy Strives to enhance the relationships of the consumers with each other instead of creating a relationship between the consumers and the brand Most efforts in this approach are geared towards strengthening the ties among tribe members instead of substituting them The tribal clover has four aspects namely imaginary, institutional, normal life and occasional. Imaginary aspects go unseen, normal life aspects are practiced in the day to day lives of the members and occasional aspects include gatherings (Garrett, 2010). Tribal marketing cannot be separated from social marketing and is based upon the use of networks that exist in the social circle of the target audience. For the tribal marketing theory to work it has to apply to a social environment (Faber, 2004). This study has shown that marketing is indeed tribal . From the inferences made, the research question â€Å".. is marketing tribal..:?’ is answered. The study shows that there are various theories and principles such as the cool theory, macro trends, individualism theory and post modern marketing theories that show an interrelation with the tribal theory. This goes further to emphasize the importance of the implementation of tribal marketing in today’s business. Tribal marketing has been seen to boost sales and consumer relations and is a must do for the businessman of today. References Allen, J., 1993. Individualism and the Modern Corporation: Implications for Innovation and Entrepreneurship. Journal of Management, 19 (7), pp. 595-612. Beckert, J., 2010. The Interrelations of Institutions, Networks, and Cognition in the Dynamics of Markets. Organisational and Marketing Journals, 31 (5), pp. 605-627 Davies, W., 2009. A Case Study of Teaching Marketing Research Using Client- Sponsored Projects Method, Challenges, and Be nefits. Journal of Marketing Education, 31 (3), pp. 230-239. Dietsch, P., 2010. The market, competition, and equality. Journal of Macromarketing, 9 (2), pp. 213-244. Faber, R., 2004. Advertising Theory: Reconceptualizing the Building Blocks. Marketing  Theory Journal, 4 (2), pp. 7-30. Fourcade, M., 2007. Theories of Markets and Theories of Society.  American Behavioral Scientist, 50 (8), pp. 1015-1034. Garrett, P., 2010. Recognizing the Limitations of the Political Theory of Recognition: Axel Honneth, Nancy Fraser and Social Work. The British Journal of Social Work, 7 (11), pp. 1517-1533. Greene, T., 2009. Three Ideologies of Individualism: Toward Assimilating a Theory of Individualisms and their Consequences. Critical Sociology, 34 (1), pp. 117-121. Kaplan, M., 2010. Educational Blogging: Integrating Technology Into Marketing Experience. Journal of Marketing Education, 32 (1), pp. 50-63. Lee, T., 2007. The role of contextual marketing offer in Mobile Commerce acceptance: compar ison between Mobile Commerce users and nonusers. International Journal of Mobile Communications, 5, (3), pp. 339-356. Levin, P., 2008. Culture and Markets: How Economic Sociology Conceptualizes Culture.  The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 619 (1), pp. 114-119. Luo, X., 2003. Contextual Marketing and Customer-Orientation Strategy for E-Commerce: An Empirical Analysis. International Journal of Electronic Commerce,  2 (4), pp. 95–118. Miles, C., 2007. A cybernetic communication model for advertising. Marketing Theory  Journal, 7 (4), pp. 307-334. Mitchell, R., 2010. Sustainable Market Orientation: A New Approach to Managing Marketing Strategy. Journal of Macromarketing, 30 (2), pp. 160-170. Sinha, K., 2008. New Trends and their Impact on Business and Society. Journal of  Creative Communication, 3 (3), pp. 305-317. Wade, D., 2010. Economics, psychology and the history of consumer choice theory.  Cambridge Journal of Economics, 5 (4), pp. 633-648. This essay on The tipping principle was written and submitted by user Anne Lawrence to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.